as will it in europe. thus being a global company, as is gm and toyota.why do you think toyota took #3 away from chrysler. now the top three are the major global players. also you provide no even simple breakdown of profit division. not to mention a global company like ford is going to have very complex cash flow.

Donuts turn into car supremacy, now on DarkForum TV.......

billy badass has to start talking smack cuz he never has fun. bawahahahahha

Characteristics Seagulls are large birds and can be up to 68cm from tail to bill and have a wingspan of up to 85cm. Most people refer to all gulls as being seagulls, and therefore assume that all species are pest species. However there are only three species, which are classed as pests. These are as follows: - a) Herring Gulls. b) Lesser Black-Backed Gulls. c) Greater Black-Backed Gulls. The Herring Gull: - on average is 56cm in size. It has a pale grey back and wings with black and white wing tips, and a red spot on its yellow bill. Its legs are usually pink. The Lesser Black-Backed Gull: - on average is 53cm in size. It has a dark Grey back and wings. Its legs are usually yellow or orange in color.
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The Greater Black-Backed Gull: - on average is 68cm in size. It has a black back and wings and its legs are usually pink. Behaviour More and more seagulls are moving into built up areas to nest. The main reason for this is that food sources are readily available both from people deliberately feeding them and the amount of takeaway foods and other refuse strewn around roads and streets. Breeding pairs court in April and commence nest building from early May onwards. In towns the nests tend to be constructed from straw, grass, twigs, paper and any other material the gull can conveniently use. These nests can be large and if they are made of material accumulated over several years, they can become quite heavy. This means that if a breeding site is established, then the gulls will return year after year. Significance Many people find gulls to be a nuisance for a number of reasons but the main ones are listed below: - • Noise caused by calling gulls and their heavy footsteps • Mess caused by their droppings fouling washing, cars, gardens, people and walkways. • Damage to properties caused by gulls picking at roofing materials and by nests which block gutters or hold moisture against the building structure. • Birds dive bombing and swooping on animals and people. • Gas flues can become blocked by nesting materials which can have serious consequences (sometimes these can be fatal) if gas fumes are prevented from escaping correctly. • Mites and other insects can get a hold in houses from the old, abandoned nests once the chicks have fledged. • The risk to Public Health due to the diseases that they carry.
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Life Cycle Eggs are laid from early May onwards with 2 or 3 being the usual number. The eggs take about three weeks to hatch which means that the first chicks are seen around the beginning of June. The chicks grow quickly and are quite active, which means that they often fall from their nests. In towns this often means that they are unable to return to their nests. Small chicks will die if they are not returned, but the larger chicks will be protected by their parents and fed on the ground. The chicks generally fledge in August and then take about three years to reach maturity when they in turn will start to breed. The life expectancy for gulls can be up to 20 years. Gulls are social creatures and once roof nesting gets a hold, other gulls will start to move in to an area and nest on adjacent buildings, until their numbers build up sufficiently that a colony is established. Control The main legislation that deals with the control of birds is the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Generally speaking it is illegal to capture, injure or destroy any wild bird or to interfere with its nest or eggs. The penalties for disregarding the law can be severe. General licenses issued by the DETR (Department of the Environment, Transport & Regions) and MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food) allow certain measures to be taken against certain pest species of birds on grounds which include the preservation of public health or public safety. Any action taken must be humane and use of an inhumane method, which could cause suffering, would be illegal. Only the owner of a building or its occupier can take action against the gulls on it, and only if those gulls are of the three species referred to above. They may however give permission to someone to act on their behalf. Shooting is not to be encouraged unless full regard is had to the Fire Arms Act 1968 and gun licences etc. are checked first. The best method to prevent gulls from nesting on your property is to sufficiently proof your property against the birds so that the nests are not built there in the future. The more people who proof their properties, and maintain them, the more likely it is that gulls will be forced out of residential areas to nest in other areas where they will be less likely to be a nuisance to the public. Proofing materials that can be used are: - • Spikes on chimney pots, gutters, dormers etc. • Nets of the correct size to repel gulls; • Posts and Spring Wires.
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There are companies who will supply such materials to you for you to carry out your own proofing however care is needed to ensure that they are correctly fitted to be effective. Such companies include: - • Crown Guard, 15A The Broadway, Mill Hill, LONDON NW7 3LN Tel. 0181 9594525 • Debbing Netting & Pest Control, Gore Cross Business Park, Bradpole, Bridport, DORSET DT6 3UX Tel. 01308 423576. There are also a number of companies who will carry out survey work for you and put the necessary measures in place. These include the following companies: - • IGROX: White Hall, Worlingworth, WOODBRIDGE, Suffolk IP13 7HW Tel. 0800 387690 • Command Pest Control: Unit 4, College Farm, Church Lane, Preston St Mary, SUDBURY, Suffolk. Tel. 01787 248 049 • Terminix: - Cherry Hinton Road, CAMBRIDGE CB1 4FG Tel. 0800 789600 • Alpine Pest Control: - 55 Fore Street, FRAMLINGHAM, Suffolk IP13 9DD Tel.01728 723 277 • CROWNGUARD: - 15a The Broadway, Mill Hill, LONDON NW7 3LN Tel. 0181 959 4525 However this type of work can be expensive and it would pay you to shop around for several quotes, most companies will not charge for a survey, but it is as well as check this out before arranging an appointment. Further companies can be found in the yellow pages under Pest and Vermin. None of the contractors listed above come with any recommendation of Babergh District Council. For further information contact the Environmental Services Division on 01473 822801 or on www.babergh.gov.uk. H:\DOCS\ENVIRON\ENVHLTH\S.Herne\Leaflets\SeagullLeaflet.k.doc

Armadillo Fast Fact File!
Amazing but true armadillo tidbits!
(If this page looks familiar to you, don’t be surprised. My website has been repeatedly copied by other people too lazy to do their own research. For copyright information, see the link at the bottom of the page.)

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All facts listed refer to the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) unless otherwise noted.

Contrary to popular belief, the nine-banded armadillo CANNOT roll itself into a ball to escape predators!! Only one of the twenty-odd varieties of armadillos — the three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutes tricinctus ) — is able to roll up. The other types are covered with too many bony plates to allow them to curl up. Other armadillos have to rely on their armored shells for defense while they scuttle away through thick, thorny brush or dig themselves a hole to hide in. For more on this, see the Three-banded Armadillo page.
Nine-banded armadillos always give birth to four identical young — the only mammal known to do so. All four young develop from the same egg — and they even share the same placenta. For more on this, see the Nine-banded Armadillo page.
Armadillos are used in leprosy research because their body temperatures are low enough for them to contract the most virulent form of the disease. They also do not have a very strong immune system, making them an ideal model for many types of medical research. For more on this, see the Armadillo Research page.
Some female armadillos being used for research have given birth to young long after they were captured — up to two years afterwards, in some cases! These “virgin births” are a result of the female’s ability to delay implantation of the fertilized egg during times of stress. This reproductive tactic is one reason why the armadillos are so good at colonizing new areas (such as the United States — for more on this, see the Armadillo Expansion page).
Armadillos like to swim, and they are very good at it. They have a strong dog paddle, and can even go quite a distance underwater, walking along the bottom of streams and ponds. They can hold their breath for four to six minutes at a time. When they need to cross larger bodies of water, they swim across. Because their heavy shell makes it hard for them to float, they gulp air into their intestines to make them more buoyant.
Armadillo teeth have no enamel (the hard outer covering of the tooth). They also have very few teeth — just several peg-like molars. Since they primarily eat insects, they don’t have to do a lot of heavy chewing, making big, strong teeth a waste of energy to grow. For more on this, take a look at a picture of armadillo teeth.
Like most insect eating mammals, armadillos have a very long, sticky tongue to slurp up bugs as quickly as possible. They also are equipped with strong claws to tear open ant nests. Their cousins, the anteaters, have very similar tongues and claws. For more on anteaters, see the Armadillo Relatives page.
Armadillos have a very low metabolic rate, which means they don’t produce much body heat. This also means that they are not good at living in cold areas, because they can’t keep warm very well! Armadillos don’t have a lot of body fat, so they must forage for food on a daily basis. Just a few cold days in a row can be deadly to an armadillo.
One way that armadillos conserve energy is through reta mirabila (Latin for “miraculous net”) — a system of veins and arteries in their legs. Hot blood going out through arteries is cooled by cold blood coming in through veins, and vice versa. This means that not much heat actually goes out into the legs, keeping it in the body. This also means they will get frostbitten very easily, since they have no way to warm their extremities through blood flow. Marine mammals, like whales, use a similar net of veins and arteries to stop the loss of body heat through the fins.
Baby armadillos have soft shells, like human fingernails. They get harder as the animal grows, depositing bone under the skin to make a solid shell. The process of laying down bone is known as “ossification”.
If you are thinking about a pet armadillo, you had better check with your local authorities first. According to the Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, it is illegal to own an armadillo in the state of Maine. Hawaii has strict regulations against the import of any foreign animal, including armadillos. The state of Montana classifies them as livestock, and regulates their import accordingly. Here in Michigan, the Department of Environmental Quality does not allow the private ownership of any wild animals without a license. Note that this applies to “rescued” armadillos as well. If you find an abandoned or injured animal, you should take it to a licensed wildlife rehabilitation center.
According to records kept by www.MovingHere.org.uk: On Wednesday, July 31, 1728, His Majesty George II, King of England, was presented with an armadillo as a gift. This so-called “Indian Monster” was kept happy by supplying it with “Eggs very hard boil’d”. Reference: (.pdf file, page 3, 1st column, 2nd paragraph)

Grass Snake Facts

Distribution

Hibernation

Mating



Eggs

Hatching

Length

Maximum life

Body markings

Neck markings

Eye pupil

Scales
Eurasia from Britain to Western China

October to March - in England

April to May - in England

Females only in alternate years at most

Four to ten

Late August to early Sept - in England

Up to about 140 cm

About 25 years

Mainly on sides - vertical bars

Yellow on each side

Round

Longitudinally ridged


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Large JPEG >


.

May 2002 Back to Home Page Back to Snakes Search Engines

Adders Common Lizards Slow Worms Snake Locomotion Frogs

Snakes in Legend, Myth and Religion

If your question is not answered in these pages,

please write to reptiles@brantacan.co.uk.

How to report a reptile that you find


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Fifty years ago the grass snake, Natrix natrix, was very common in Great Britain; it could be seen in quite large numbers at a good site. Now it is quite rare, because of loss of habitat and food. In October 2001, over 140 grass snakes, many being juveniles, were found in warm places in the Dilke Hospital, Gloucester. The name natrix refers to the grass snake's ability to swim, which it performs well, with a sinuous motion. Grass snake often live near water, and frogs figure strongly in their diet. Click here for a simulation of a swimming grass snake. The great reduction in the frog population has done the grass snake no good at all; their numbers have dwindled alarmingly over the last fifty years. Grass snakes can also, if infrequently, be found at a considerable distances from water.

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Grass snakes need places where they can lie and bask, and cover close by to which they can retreat quickly. A south facing area backed by cover in the form of rocks, broken stone walls, scrub, etc, is ideal. They also need warm places, such as heaps of compost or decaying natural vegetation, for their eggs to develop.

The reduction in the number of compost heaps may have contributed to the decline in the number of grass snakes.
Grass snakes can grow to three feet, or almost a metre, in length. Their build is different from that of the adders; they are relatively thinner for a given length, and the tail is tapered more gradually. They lack the pattern on the back. They have vertical markings on each side, and behind the head are two bright yellow crescents. The colour can vary from brownish to pale grey. The eye pupils are almost circular, whereas those of the adder are almost slits, like a cat's in bright light.


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The first two pictures were made using the built-in flash on the camera, which accounts for the unnatural lighting.






Grass snakes are quite gregarious, and will bask together. They will also bask with adders. Sometimes three or four snakes will curl up together in a tangled mass. They seem to have no trouble in working out who is who when they need to move. Grass snakes can climb high into a hedge to find a good place to bask.

If you disturb a grass snake it can vanish with lightning speed. You may wait a very long time for it to re-appear.


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If you pick up a grass snake you may get a surprise. The biggest surprise would be if it were an adder. Before you pick it up, be sure you can see the yellow behind the head. Firstly the grass snake may wriggle vigorously, and secondly it may produce a very smelly fluid. If you haven't held the snake at arm's length you may have to wash your clothes. Grass snakes may also feign dead, with the head at an angle and the mouth wide open.
Best not to pick up a snake at all, as they are easily damaged by pressure. But you can pick them up by getting a hand underneath. The main thing is not to squeeze too hard.

Although snakes are robust and flexible, they are not designed to take the compressive forces needed to pick them up by squeezing.

Some of the material in the adders page applies also to grass snakes.


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The head of a grass snake

These three picture shows the head of a grass snake. The third picture is a very pale copy of the second, in order to show the forked tongue more clearly. It collects molecules from the surroundings, and carries them back to the Jacobson's organ, above the mourh, for analysis. The tongue of the grass snake is much more deeply forked than that of the adder. The scales on the head of an adder are much smaller than those of the grass snake. The adder lacks the markings around the mouth and on the neck, and has narrow slit pupils, quite different from these round ones.

The next set of pictures illustrates the sinuous grace of the grass snake in motion. Much more often than the adder, it executes the type of movement that it uses for swimming, making waves with its body, especially when it is in a hurry. The adder much prefers to slide forward along the path of its body.




What to do if a grass snake visits your garden

Grass snakes are occasionally seen in gardens, especially gardens with ponds. Grass snakes prefer frogs and toads to other prey, but they sometimes take newts, very small mammals, and small fish. As the jaws of most snakes can gape very wide, the prey can be wider than the snake. But the snake is unlikely to take a fish that is much fatter than a frog.

If a snake has appeared in your garden, there must be a suitable habitat nearby. In any case, if you can release it away from a road, and near some cover, it may be able to travel to a suitable place.

If you don't dislike snakes, and you don't have creatures in your pond that a snake would eat, it might do no harm to leave it there. But if it goes to another garden, the owner might be less tolerant, and might want to kill it.

Snakes can live quite a long time without food, and so you can keep one in a suitable container overnight until you are ready to move it. Being able to live at a slow pace gives snakes an advantage over small mammals such as shrews, which are obliged to dash around and find food at a tremendous rate. While doing this they are more likely to be seen than a more placid animal.

TAMARIN FACTS



Brought to you by Mindy's Memory Primate Sanctuary. If you find this page useful please consider making a donation to help us continue to care for needy monkeys.



Family: Callitrichidae
Subfamily: Callitrichinae

Genus: Saguinus, Leontopithecus
Species: twelve and four --

Saguinus:
bicolor (bare-faced tamarin)
fuscicollis (saddleback tamarin)
geoffroyi (red-crested tamarin)
imperator (emperor tamarin)
inustus (mottled-face tamarin)
labiatus (red-bellied)
leucopus (silvery-brown bare-faced tamarin)
midas (golden-handed tamarin)
mystax (mustached tamarin)
nigricollis (Spix's black-mantled tamarin)
oedipus (cotton-top tamarin)
tripartitus (golden-mantled saddleback tamarin)
Leontopithecus:
caissara (black-faced lion tamarin)
chrysomelas (golden-headed lion tamarin)
chrysopygus (black lion tamarin)
rosalia (golden lion tamarin)




There are several subspecies and, of course, several of the above classifications are disputed.



Appearance:
There are a great variety of tamarins. Their striking colorations may help to camouflage them in the wild. All are small, relative to most other primates, about 10 inches in body length, give or take a couple, and around 15-20 ounces (some heavier.) Lion tamarins tend to be a bit larger than the other group, have distinctly elongated digits, and, of course, the manes from which they derive their name. The tamarins' ancestral primate nails have evolved to look like claws on all but their large toes. This enables them to climb up and down tree trunks like squirrels. Tamarins can be distinguished from Marmosets, the other large group of callitrichs, only by the lower jaw and teeth. Tamarins have rounded jaws, while the jaws of marmosets are V-shaped, with enlarged incisors.

Range and Diet:
Most tamarins live in northern and central South America, though two species, the red-crested tamarin and the cotton-top tamarin, can also be found in southern Central America. They live in a variety of forest habitats, and are primarily fruit eaters. They'll also feed on seeds, exudates, nectar, and animal prey.

Behavior and Social Structure:
All tamarins are diurnal and arboreal. Though a couple of species will come to the ground for prey, most rarely leave the trees. Most are territorial, with some actively patroling their borders. They exhibit a variable social structure - multimale-multifemale, multimale-1 female, 1 male-1 female, all-male groups and solitary males have all been observed. Group size is normally small. Individuals communicate by vocalizations - a variety of whistles, chirps, trills, and long calls; scent marking; and urine marking. Tamarins have been found in association with cebids, marmosets, and other tamarins. Some will respond to the alarm calls of other tamarins. There is still much to be learned, with field studies lacking for a couple of species.

Reproduction and Lifespan:
As with marmosets, dominant females can suppress ovulation of subordinate females and, in some groups, dominant males can lower the sexual activity (and testosterone level) of subordinates. Most seem to have a breeding and birth season. Twins are the norm, though single births and triplets are sometimes seen. Infants are raised communally, with all adults food sharing with the young. Fathers carry the infants quite a bit, sometimes more than the mothers. Participation in the rearing of younger siblings can prepare young females to care for their own offspring. There is still a lot to be learned about tamarin reproductive patterns. The average life span for tamarins seems to be early to mid-teens, although some species can live 20 years, and a couple don't make it into the teens.

Conservation Status:
Lion tamarins are some of the most endangered species in the world, because their natural habitat is the same preferred by humans for agricultural development. Golden-headed lion tamarins are listed as Endangered by USESA, while the black-faced, black, and golden lion tamarins are all considered Critically Endangered, according to IUCN, with a 50% chance of going extinct in the wild within the next 10 years, or within 3 of their generations.
Within Saguinas, half of the species are considered Lower Risk. Emperor tamarins and golden-handed tamarins are listed as Vulnerable (IUCN), with at least a 10% probability of extinction within the next 100 years. Bare-faced tamarins are Threatened (USESA) - likely to become endangered in the near future. Silvery-brown bare-faced (IUCN), red-crested and cotton-top tamarins (USESA) are Endangered - there is at least a 20% chance of them becoming extinct in the wild within the next 20 years, or within 5 of their generations.

Interesting Tamarin Facts:
The bare-faced tamarin has the smallest range of any Amazon primate, corresponding with the constant growth of the city of Manaus.

The saddleback tamarin is the smallest and most widely distributed tamarin.

Red-crested tamarins live in a park in Panama City.

Silvery-brown bare-faced tamarins have been observed coming to the aid of wounded troop members.

Spix's black-mantled tamarin is the only tamarin that forms large, noisy groups - these last only a short period and can contain as many as 40 individuals.

In the 1960s-1970s, more than 30,000 cotton-top tamarins were exported from Colombia for pets and biomedical research.

Golden lion tamarins were the subject of one of the first primate reintroduction programs in the early 80s, when it was discovered that there were more of them living in captivity than in the wild. The success rate of this program has been low.

Current Research with Tamarins:
(Note: The following are examples of recent research done with these primates, it is by no means an exhaustive list. This list will be periodically updated as more information becomes available. Also, though Mindy's Memory Primate Sanctuary DOES NOT support invasive medical research on primates, some articles of this type will be listed - both for information and as examples of the work that is currently being done with these animals.)

Achenbach GG; Snowdon CT
Response to sibling birth in juvenile cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). BEHAVIOUR 135(7): 845-862, 1998.

Anonymous.
The captive populations. TAMARIN TALES 2: 4-5, 1998.

Anonymous.
Zoos for the expanding black lion tamarin L. chrysopygus population. TAMARIN TALES 2: 5, 1998.

Baker AJ; Bampi MI
A working group for the pied tamarin, Saguinus bicolor. NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES 7(1): 29, 1999.

Bales K
Research update: Reproductive success and how mom allocates her resources. TAMARIN TALES 2: 5-6, 1998.

Ballou JD; Lacy RC; Kleiman D; Rylands A; Ellis S
LEONTOPITHECUS II: THE SECOND POPULATION AND HABITAT VIABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR LION TAMARINS (LEONTOPITHECUS). FINAL REPORT. Apple Valley, MN, SSC/IUCN Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, 1998, 116+ pp..

Ballou, J D
1995 studbook for the golden lion tamarin. NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES 5(1): 13-14, 1997.

Ballou, J D; Sherr, A
1996 INTERNATIONAL STUDBOOK - GOLDEN LION TAMARIN (LEONTOPITHECUS ROSALIA). Washington, DC, Nat Zool Park, 1997, 109 pp. (Data through 12/31/96)

Bardi M; Petto AJ; Lee-Parritz D
Infant handling and survival in captive cotton-top tamarins and common marmosets. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 45(2): 166, 1998. (Abstract)

Bertone ER; Giovannucci EL; King NW Jr; Petto AJ; Johnson LD
Family history as a risk factor for ulcerative colitis-associated colon cancer in cotton-top tamarin. GASTROENTEROLOGY 114(4): 669-674, 1998.

Bezerra EN; Porter LM
[Birth of Saguinus labiatus twins observed in their natural habitat.] NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES 7(1): 27-28, 1999. (Text in Spanish & English)

Bicca-Marques JC; Garber PA
Cognitive aspects of foraging in tamarin single- and mixed-species troops (Saguinus imperator and S. fuscicollis). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (Suppl 28): 93-94, 1999. (Abstract)

Brack M
Adrenal cortical epithelial cysts in two saddleback tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis). JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY 119(2): 183-188, 1998.

French, J A
Proximate regulation of singular breeding in callitrichid primates. Pp. 34-75 in COOPERATIVE BREEDING IN MAMMALS. N.G. Solomon; J.A. French, eds. New York, Cambridge Univ Press, 1997.

French, J A; Pissinatti, A; Coimbra-Filho, A F
Reproduction in captive lion tamarins (Leontopithecus): Seasonality, infant survival, and sex ratios. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 39(1): 17-33, 1996.

Garber, P A; Kitron, U
Seed swallowing in tamarins: Evidence of a curative function or enhanced foraging efficiency? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 18(4): 523-538, 1997.

Kinzey, W G
Synopsis of New World primates: Leontopithecus. Pp. 272-280 in NEW WORLD PRIMATES: ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND BEHAVIOR. W.G. Kinzey, ed. New York, Aldine de Gruyter, 1997.

Kinzey, W G
Synopsis of New World primates: Saguinus. Pp. 289-296 in NEW WORLD PRIMATES: ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND BEHAVIOR. W.G. Kinzey, ed. New York, Aldine de Gruyter, 1997.

Kleiman DG; Mallinson JJC
Recovery and management committees for lion tamarins: Partnerships in conservation planning and implementation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 12(1): 27-38, 1998.

Lamprey V
A review of the mating system of captive cotton-top tamarins. IZN [INT ZOO NEWS] 45(: 146-149, 1998.

Mallinson JJC
A 'case study': Partnerships and conservation initiatives resulting from a population viability assessment (PVA) workshop for the genus Leontopithecus. ZOOLOGISCHE GARTEN 67(6): 355-363, 1997.

McGrew, W C
Sex differences in the family life of cotton-top tamarins: Socioecological validity in the laboratory? Pp. 95-107 in NEW WORLD PRIMATES: ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND BEHAVIOR. W.G. Kinzey, ed. New York, Aldine de Gruyter, 1997.

Pinto, L P de S; Tavares, L I; Dietz, J
The golden-headed lion tamarin - L. chrysomelas. TAMARIN TALES 1: 4-5, 1997.

Pissinatti, A
The Rio de Janeiro Primate Center (CPRJ). TAMARIN TALES 1: 12-13, 1997.

Pryce CR
Evolutionary and comparative biology: Their significance for callitrichid research. Pp. 119-127 in HANDBOOK: MARMOSETS AND TAMARINS IN BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH.. Pryce C, ed. Salisbury, UK, DSSD Imagery, 1997.

Queralt AM; Vea JJ
Parental division of infant-care in the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea) and the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). PRIMATE REPORT (50): 3-13, 1998. (Spanish summary)

Rapaport, L G
Food sharing in golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia): Provisioning of young, maintenance of social bonds, and resource constraints. DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS INTERNATIONAL A58(6): 2278, 1997. (To order: #AAD97-36124. University Microfilms, Inc, Ann Arbor, MI 48106)

Robert N; Carroll JB
Comparative pathological-clinical aspects of captive callitrichids at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. Pp. 102-109 in HANDBOOK: MARMOSETS AND TAMARINS IN BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH.. Pryce C, ed. Salisbury, UK, DSSD Imagery, 1997.

Ruivo EB
Emperor tamarins in Europe. NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES 6(: 93-94, 1998.

Sainsbury, A W
The humane control of captive marmoset and tamarin populations. ANIMAL WELFARE 6(: 231-242, 1997.

Sanchez S; Pelaez F; Gil-Burmann C; Kaumanns W
Costs of infant-carrying in the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 48(2): 99-111, 1999.

Sanchez S; Pelaez F; Kaumanns W; Heymann EW
Mothers of cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) benefit from helping behaviour. FOLIA PRIMATOLOGICA 69(4): 212, 1998. (Abstract)

Santos, C V; French, J A; Otta, E
Infant carrying behavior in callitrichid primates: Callithrix and Leontopithecus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 18(6): 889-907, 1997.

Saunders KE; Shen Z; Dewhirst FE; Paster BJ; et al.
A novel Helicobacter sp. isolated from cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) with colitis. GUT 43(Suppl): A117, 1998. (Abstract)

Saunders KE; Shen ZL; Dewhirst FE; Paster BJ; Dangler CA; Fox JG
Novel intestinal Helicobacter species isolated from cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) with chronic colitis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 37(1): 146-151, 1999.

Saunders, K E; Shen, Z; Jackson, L; Lee-Parritz, D; et al
Intestinal Helicobacter spp. associated with inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer in a colony of cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 36(4): 52-53, 1997. (Abstract) Reprinted in: Lab Anim Sci 47(4): 441.

Savage, A; Giraldo, H; Soto, L
Developing a conservation action program for the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). Pp. 97-111 in PRIMATE CONSERVATION: THE ROLE OF ZOOLOGICAL PARKS. J. Wallis, ed. Location?, Amer Soc of Primatol, 1997.

Schoepel M
EEP studbook for the cotton-top tamarin, Saguinus oedipus. NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES 6(1): 22, 1998.

Souza de Oliveira M; Lopes FA; Alonso C; Yamamoto ME
The mother's participation in infant carrying in captive groups of Leontopithecus chrysomelas and Callithrix jacchus. FOLIA PRIMATOLOGICA 70(: 146-153, 1999.

Stoinski, T; Beck, B; Bowman, M; Lehnhardt, J
The Gateway Zoo Program: A recent initiative in golden lion tamarin reintroductions. Pp. 113-129 in PRIMATE CONSERVATION: THE ROLE OF ZOOLOGICAL PARKS. J. Wallis, ed. Location?, Amer Soc of Primatol, 1997.

Tardif, SD.
The bioenergetics of parental behavior and the evolution of alloparental care in marmosets and tamarins. In: Pp. 11-33 in COOPERATIVE BREEDING IN MAMMALS. N.G. Solomon; J.A. French, eds. New York, Cambridge Univ Press, 1997.

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References:

Primate Information Center. Jackie Pritchard, Manager. Current Topics in Primatology. Primate Literature Database. Washington Regional Primate Research Center and the Health Sciences Libraries. University of Washington, Seattle

Rowe N (1996) The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. East Hampton: Pogonias Press

Sleeper B (1997) Primates. San Francisco: Chronicle Books

trouser snake facts

length: few inches to 1 foot

weight: few ounces to 1 lb

location: usually found in male grass

venomous: can be depending on deseases

can spit venom up to 6ft

also enjoys borrowing. while most search out female grasslands, some search out mudholes.